PRIMARY RESEARCH | PUBMED LINKS
DRUG CATEGORY: PEPTIDES+ (ANTI-AGING)
DRUG NAME: SS-31

  • FDA Safety Data Sheet not available (experimental peptide).

  • Tung C. Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 [PubMed Link]

  • Radovic M. Targeting the Electron Transport System for Enhanced Longevity. Biomolecules. 2025 [PubMed Link]

  • Mason SA. Effect of mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants on glycaemic control, cardiovascular health, and oxidative stress in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022 [PubMed Link]

  • Sabbah HN, Alder NN, Sparagna GC, Bruce JE, Stauffer BL, Chao LH, Pitceathly RDS, Maack C, Marcinek DJ. Contemporary insights into elamipretide's mitochondrial mechanism of action and therapeutic effects. Biomed Pharmacother. 2025 [PubMed Link]

  • Cano Sanchez M. Targeting Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Treatment of Impaired Wound Healing: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2018 [PubMed Link]

  • Obi C, Smith AT, Hughes GJ, Adeboye AA. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction with elamipretide. Heart Fail Rev. 2022 [PubMed Link]

  • MMPOWER-3 Trial Investigators. Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial. Neurology. 2023 [PubMed Link]

  • Nhu NT. Neuroprotective Effects of a Small Mitochondrially-Targeted Tetrapeptide Elamipretide in Neurodegeneration. Front Integr Neurosci. 2022 [PubMed Link]

  • Whitson JA. Elamipretide (SS-31) treatment attenuates age-associated post-translational modifications of heart proteins. Geroscience. 2021 [PubMed Link]

  • Jiang W. Elamipretide reduces pyroptosis and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023 [PubMed Link]

  • Mitchell W. The Mitochondria-Targeted Peptide Therapeutic Elamipretide Improves Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Function During Aging Without Detectable Changes in Tissue Epigenetic or Transcriptomic Age. Aging Cell. 2025 [PubMed Link]

  • Bangeas A. Advances in Management of Mitochondrial Myopathies. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 [PubMed Link]

  • Zhao Q. Podocyte senescence: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Ren Fail. 2024 [PubMed Link]

  • Kim B. Enhancing Mitochondrial Function Through Pharmacological Modification: A Novel Approach to Mitochondrial Transplantation in a Sepsis Model. Biomedicines. 2025 [PubMed Link]

  • Ravenscraft B. Mitochondrial Cardiolipin-Targeted Tetrapeptide, SS-31, Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Within In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 [PubMed Link]

  • Schwemmlein J. Mitochondria as Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2022 [PubMed Link]