INDICATIONS FOR USE

Minoxidil is FDA-approved for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (male and female pattern hair loss). It is also used off-label for other forms of hair thinning, such as telogen effluvium and traction alopecia, and for promoting beard growth in men.

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

• Topical: Applied directly to the scalp or target area as a liquid solution or foam.

COMMON INITIAL DOSING REGIMENS

• For scalp hair loss: Apply 1 mL of 5% solution or half a capful of foam to the affected area of the scalp twice daily for men. Women are typically advised to use a 2% solution twice daily or 5% foam once daily.

• For beard growth: Apply a small amount of 5% solution or foam to the desired area once or twice daily.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

• Minoxidil acts as a vasodilator, increasing blood flow to hair follicles by widening blood vessels. This improved circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients to the follicles, supporting their growth. Additionally, minoxidil prolongs the anagen (growth) phase of the hair cycle and reduces the telogen (resting) phase, leading to thicker and longer hair over time. Minoxidil may also directly stimulate follicular epithelial cells to enter the growth phase.

COMMON SIDE EFFECTS

• Topical: Scalp irritation, redness, dryness, and itching are the most frequently reported side effects. In some cases, users may experience a temporary increase in hair shedding during the first 2–8 weeks as follicles transition to the growth phase.

• Systemic Absorption: Rarely, systemic absorption may lead to unwanted effects such as low blood pressure, dizziness, or increased heart rate. Facial hair growth in unintended areas has been reported due to migration of the product.

• Severe Effects: Allergic contact dermatitis due to propylene glycol in the solution. Foam formulations, which lack propylene glycol, are often recommended for sensitive skin.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

• Absolute: Hypersensitivity to minoxidil or any excipient in the formulation.

• Relative: Patients with scalp infections, irritated or broken skin, or cardiovascular conditions should use minoxidil cautiously, as absorption may increase in such cases. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using minoxidil due to a lack of safety data.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON EFFICACY

• Minoxidil is often most effective when combined with other treatments for hair loss, such as finasteride or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy. Results typically take 3–6 months to become noticeable, with consistent application being critical for success. Discontinuation of use generally results in the loss of newly regrown hair within 3–4 months.

LEARN MORE

• Evidence hound? Review our comprehensive listing of PubMed direct links to original research related to this medication.